tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80502522026419710472024-03-05T13:10:35.816-08:00Welcome to my BlogFandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06702359224694378432noreply@blogger.comBlogger16125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8050252202641971047.post-13202552859930323272013-06-26T03:39:00.000-07:002013-06-26T03:39:07.864-07:00Concepts of Programming Languages ---- Chapter 14 Exception Handling and Event Handling<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Concepts of Programming Languages ---- </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 14 Exception Handling and Event Handling</span></span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Name : Fandy Limardi</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">NIM : 1601210713</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Lecture : Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc. (D0206)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Assignment : Concept of programming languages ---- </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 14 Exception Handling and Event Handling</span></span><br />
<br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Review Question</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">
</span></span><br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Define
functional form, simple list,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">bound
variable</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, and referential transparency.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A higher-order function, or
functional form, is one that either takes one or more functions as parameters
or yields a function as its result, or both. A simple list is the problem of
membership of a given atom in a given list that does not include sublists. A
bound variable is a variable that never changes in the expression after being
bound to an actual parameter value at the time evaluation of the lambda
expression begins. A referential transparency is the execution of a function
always produces the same result when given the same parameters</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When is an exception
thrown or raised?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">An exception is raised when its associated event occurs.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Explain in which the arithmetic processing
capabilities of LISP and Prolog are similar.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Arithmetic processing is simple to
implement in LISP and Prolog.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">7.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
does the abbreviation REPL stand for?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>REPL stand for
read-evaluate-print loop</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is the scope
of exception handlers in Ada?</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Exception handlers
can be included in blocks or in the bodies of subprograms, packages, or tasks.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">10.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What are the four exceptions defined in the Standard package of Ada?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
There are four exceptions that are defined in the default package, Standard:</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Constraint_Error</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Program_Error</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Storage_Error</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tasking_Error</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">11.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>are they any predefined exceptions in Ada?</span><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yes,
they are.<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">14.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
is the name of all C++ exception handlers?</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Try
clause.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">16.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Which standard libraries
define and throw the exception overflow_error in C++?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
exception overflow_error is thrown by math library functions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">30.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In which version were assertions added to Java?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Assertions
were added to Java in version 1.4.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">31.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is the use of the assert statement?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The assert statement is used for defensive
programming. A program may be written with many assert statements, which ensure
that the program’s computation is on track to produce correct results.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">33.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is the purpose of a Java JFrame?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The JFrame class defines the data and methods that
are needed for frames. So, a class that uses a frame can be a subclass of
JFrame. A JFrame has several layers, called panes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">34.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What are the different forms of assert statement?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There
are two possible forms of the assert statement:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">assert
condition;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">assert
condition : expression;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Problem Set</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What mechanism did early programming languages provide to detect
or attempt to deal with errors?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Early programming languages were designed and
implemented in such a way that the user program could neither detect nor
attempt to deal with such errors. In these languages, the occurrence of such an
error simply causes the program to be terminated and control to be transferred
to the operating system.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Describe the approach for the detection of subscript range errors
used in C and Java.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In C subscript ranges are not checked. Java
compilers usually generate code to check the correctness of every subscript
expression. If any exception generates, then an unchecked exception is thrown.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In languages without exception-handling facilities, it is common
to have most subprograms include an “error” parameter, which can be set to some
value representing “OK” or some other value representing “error in procedure”.
What advantage does a linguistic exception-handling facility like that of Ada
have over this method?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">There are several advantages of a linguistic
mechanism for handling exceptions, such as that found in Ada, over simply using
a flag error parameter in all subprograms. One advantage is that the code to
test the flag after every call is eliminated. Such testing makes programs
longer and harder to read. Another advantage is that exceptions can be
propagated farther than one level of control in a uniform and implicit way.
Finally, there is the advantage that all programs use a uniform method for
dealing with unusual circumstances, leading to enhanced readability.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In languages without exception-handling facilities, we could send
an error-handling procedure as parameter to each procedure that can detect
errors than must be handled. What disadvantage are there to this method?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">There are several disadvantages of sending error
handling subprograms to other subprograms. One is that it may be necessary to
send several error handlers to some subprograms, greatly complicating both the
writing and execution of calls. Another is that there is no method of
propagating exceptions, meaning that they must all be handled locally. This
complicates exception handling, because it requires more attention to handling
in more places.</span></div>
</span></span><br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
Fandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06702359224694378432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8050252202641971047.post-86745948564316784502013-06-26T03:24:00.006-07:002013-06-26T03:33:38.355-07:00Concepts of Programming Languages ---- Chapter 15 Functional Programming Languages<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Concepts of Programming Languages ---- </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 15 Functional Programming Languages</span></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Name : Fandy Limardi</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">NIM : 1601210713</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Lecture : Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc. (D0206)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Assignment : Concept of programming languages ---- Chapter 15 Functional Programming Languages</span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Review Questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What does a lambda expression specify?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The predicate function is often given as a lambda
expression, which in ML is defined exactly like a function, except with the fn
reserved word, instead of fun, and of course the lambda expression is nameless.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What data types were parts of the original LISP?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Atoms
and lists.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is a simple list?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A
list which membership of a given atom in a given list that does not include sub
lists.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What does the abbreviation REPL stand for?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>REPL
stand for read-evaluate-print loop</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">11.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What are the two forms of DEFINE?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DEFINE takes two lists as parameters. The first
parameter is the prototype of a function call, with the function name followed
by the formal parameters, together in a list. The second list contains an
expression to which the name is to be bound.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">18.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is tail recursion? Why is it important to define functions that
use recursion to specify repetition to be tail recursive?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A function is tail recursive if its recursive call
is the last operation in the function. This means that the return value of the
recursive call is the return value of the non-recursive call to the function.
It is important to specify repetition to be tail recursive because it is more
efficient(increase the efficiency).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">19.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Why were imperative features added to most dialects of LISP?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">LISP began as a pure functional language but soon
acquired some important imperative features to increased its execution
efficiency.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">27.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is the use of the fn reserved word in ML?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The predicate function is often given as a lambda
expression, which in ML is defined exactly like a function, except with the fn
reserved word, instead of fun, and of course the lambda expression is nameless.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">29.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is a curried function?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Curried
function let new functions can be constructed from them by partial evaluation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">30.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What does partial evaluation mean?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Partial evaluation means that the function is
evaluated with actual parameters for one or more of the leftmost formal
parameters.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">32.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is the use of the evaluation environment table?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A table called the evaluation environment stores the
names of all implicitly and explicitly declared identifiers in a program, along
with their types. This is like a run-time symbol table.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">33.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Explain the process of currying.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The process of currying replaces a function with
more than one parameter with a function with one parameter that returns a
function that takes the other parameters of the initial function.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Problem Set</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Refer to a book on Haskell programming and discuss the features of
Haskell.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Haskell features lazy evaluation, pattern matching,
list comprehension, type classes, and type polymorphism.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What features make F# unique when compared to other languages?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">F# has a full-featured IDE, an extensive library of
utilities that supports imperative, object-oriented, and functional
programming, and has interoperability with a collection of nonfunctional
languages. F# includes a variety of data types. Among these are tuples, like
those of Python and the functional languages ML and Haskell, lists, discriminated
unions, an expansion of ML’s unions, and records, like those of ML, which are
like tuples except the components are named. F# has both mutable and immutable
arrays.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>How is the functional operator pipeline ( |> ) used in F#?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The pipeline operator is a binary operator that
sends the value of its left operand, which is an expression, to the last
parameter of the function call, which is the right operand. It is used to chain
together function calls while flowing the data being processed to each call.</span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"></span></span>Fandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06702359224694378432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8050252202641971047.post-50682046964233946132013-06-26T03:18:00.001-07:002013-06-26T03:32:48.395-07:00Concepts of Programming Languages ---- Chapter 13 Concurrency<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Concepts of Programming Languages ---- </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 13 Concurrency</span></span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Name : Fandy Limardi</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">NIM : 1601210713</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Lecture : Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc. (D0206)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Assignment : Concept of programming languages ---- </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 13 Concurrency</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Review Questions</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What are the three possible levels of
concurrency in programs?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Instruction
level (executing two or more machine instructions simultaneously)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Statement
level (executing two or more high-level language statements simultaneously)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Unit
level (executing two or more subprogram units simultaneously)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What level of program concurrency is best
supported by SIMD computers?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Statement-level concurrency<b><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
level of program concurrency is best supported by MIMD computers?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Unit-level
concurrency is best supported by MIMD computers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
is the difference between physical and logical concurrency?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Physical
concurrency is several program units from the same program that literally
execute simultaneously.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Logical
concurrency is multiple processors providing actual concurrency, when in fact
the actual execution of programs is taking place in interleaved fashion on a
single processor.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
is the work of a scheduler?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Scheduler manages the sharing of
processors among the tasks.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">12.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is a heavyweight task? What is a
lightweight task?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Heavy weight task executes in its own address space.
Lightweight task all run in the same address space.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">16.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">What is a task descriptor?</span><br />
Task descriptor is a data structure that stores all of the relevant information
about the execution state of a task.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">21.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
is a binary semaphore? What is a counting semaphore?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A binary semaphore is a semaphore that requires
only a binary-valued counter. A counting semaphore is a synchronization
object that can have an arbitrarily large number of states.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">35.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>what
does the Java yield method do?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The yield method, which takes no parameters, is a request
from the running thread to surrender the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>voluntarily. The thread is put immediately in the task-ready queue,
making it ready to run. The scheduler then chooses the highest-priority thread
from the task-ready queue. If there are no other ready threads with priority
higher than the one that just yielded the processor, it may also be the next
thread to get the processor.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">36.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What does the Java join method do?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Java </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">forces a method to delay its
execution until the run method of another thread has completed its execution.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">37.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What does the Java <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">interrupt</span> method do<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">?</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Interrupt </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">becomes one way to communicate to a
thread that it should stop.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">42.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
kind of Java object is a monitor?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In Java, a monitor can be implemented in a class
designed as an abstract data type, with the shared data being the type.
Accesses to objects of the class are controlled by adding the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">synchronized </span>modifier to the access
methods.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">55.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
is Concurrent ML?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ML is an extension to ML that includes a form of
threads and a form of synchronous message passing to support concurrency.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">56.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is the use of the spawn primitive of CML?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
The use of Spawn primitive of CML is to create a thread.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">60.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
is the type of an F# heap-allocated mutatable variable?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A mutable heap-allocated variable is
of type ref</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Problem Set</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">1. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Explain clearly why a race condition can
create problems for a system.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Because two or more tasks are racing to use the shared resource and the
behavior of the program depends on which task arrives first (and wins the
race). The importance of competition synchronization should now be clear.<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">2. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What are the different ways to handle
deadlock?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ignoring
deadlock</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Detection</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prevention</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Avoidance</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
the producer-consumer example of Section 13.3, suppose that we incorrectly
replaced the release(access) in the consumer process with wait(access). What
woud be the result of this error on execution of</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> the system?</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Deadlock would occur if the release(access) were
replaced by a wait(access) in the </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> consumer process, because instead of
relinquishing access control, the consumer </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> would wait for control that it
already had.</span>Fandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06702359224694378432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8050252202641971047.post-9093714909954622372013-06-26T03:08:00.004-07:002013-06-26T03:14:39.146-07:00Concepts of Programming Languages ---- Chapter 12 Support for Object-Oriented Programming<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Concepts of Programming Languages ---- </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 12 Support for Object-Oriented Programming</span></span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Name : Fandy Limardi</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">NIM : 1601210713</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Lecture : Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc. (D0206)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Assignment : Concept of programming languages ---- </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 12 Support for Object-Oriented Programming</span></span><br />
<br />
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<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Review Question</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Define abstract data type.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An
abstract data type is a data structure that are representation of objects of
the type is hidden from the program units that use the type, so the only direct
operations possible on those objects are those provided in the type’s
definition.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6 .<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Explain how information hiding is provided in
Ada package.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Data
type representations can appear in the package specification but be hidden from
clients by putting them in the private clause of the package. The abstract type
itself is defined to be private in the public part of the package
specification. Private types have built-in operations for assignment and
comparison for equality and inequality.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">7.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is dynamic dispatch?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dynamic dispatch is the third characteristic (after abstract
data types and inheritance) of object-oriented programming language which is a
kind of polymorhphism provided by the dynamic binding of messages to method
definitions.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
What is an abstract method? What is an abstract class?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">An abstract method is an implemented method which all of
descendant class should have and it is included in Building. An abstract class
is a class that includes at least one abstract method.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
is the message protocol of an object?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
The message protocol of an objects are all the methods.<b><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>From
where are Smalltalk objects allocated?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Smalltalk objects are allocated from the heap and are
referenced through reference variables, which are implicitly dereferenced.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">18.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>From
where can C++ objects be allocated?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
The objects of C++ can be static, stack dynamic, or heap dynamic. Explicit
deallocation using the delete operator is required for heap-dynamic objects,
because C++ does not include implicit storage reclamation.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">19.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>How are C++ heap-allocated objects deallocated?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
C++ heap-allocated objects are deallocated using destructor.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">31.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
is the root class in Objective-C?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
The predefined root class named NS Object<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">33.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is the purpose of an Objective-C category?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The purpose of an Objective-C category is to add certain
functionalities to different classes and also to provide some of the benefits
of multiple inheritance, without the naming collisions that could occur if
modules did not require module names on their functions.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">38.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
is boxing?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Boxing is primitive values in Java 5.0+ which is implicitly
coerced when they are put in object context. This coercion converts the
primitive value to an object of the wrapper class of the primitive value’s
type.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">39.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>How are Java objects deallocated?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
By implicitly calling a finalize method when the garbage collector is about to
reclaim the storage occupied by the object.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Problem Set</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 .<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
important part of support for inheritance is missing in Java?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Java does not support the private and protected derivations of C++. One can
surmise that the Java designers believed that subclasses should be subtypes,
which they are not when private and protected derivations are supported. Thus,
they did not include them.<b><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
what ways can “compatible “ be defined for the relationship between an
overridden method and the overriding method?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Every overriding method must have the same number of
parameters as the overridden method and the types of the parameters and the
return type must be compatible with those of the parent class.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">7. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is one programming situation where
multiple inheritance has a significant disadvantage over interfaces?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
A situation when there are two classes derived from a common parent and those
two derived class has one child.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Explain
one advantage of inheritance.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">One of the key benefits of inheritance is to minimize the
amount of duplicate code in an application by sharing common code amongst
several subclasses. Where equivalent code exists in two related classes, the
hierarchy can usually be refactored to move the common code up to a
mutual super class. This also tends to result in a better organization of
code and smaller, simpler compilation units.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">12. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Compare inheritance and nested classes in
C++. Which of these supports an is-a relationship?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Inheritance is where one class (child class) inherits the members of another
class (parent class). Nested class is a class declared entirely within the body
of another class or interface.<br />
Inheritance does.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">13.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Describe the mechanism of dynamic dispatch with
an example in Java. Is it possible to dynamically dispatch the data members?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In C++, a method must be defined as virtual to allow dynamic
binding. In Java, all method calls are dynamically bound unless the called
method has been defined as final, in which case it cannot be overridden and all
bindings are static. Static binding is also used if the method is static or
private, both of which disallow overriding.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">17.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What are the different options for object
destruction in Java?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">is no explicit deallocation operator. A finalize method is
implicitly called when the garbage collector<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>about to reclaim the storage occupied by the object.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">20.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Compare
the way Smalltalk provides dynamic binding with that of C++</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
In C++, the programmer can specify whether static binding or dynamic binding is
to be used. Because static binding is faster, this is an advantage for those
situations where dynamic binding is not necessary. Furthermore, even the
dynamic binding in C++ is fast when compared with that of Smalltalk. Binding a
virtual member function call in C++ to a function definition has a fixed cost,
regardless of how distant in the inheritance hierarchy the definition appears.
Calls to virtual functions require only five more memory references than
statically bound calls (Stroustrup, 1988). In Smalltalk, however, messages are
always dynamically bound to methods, and the farther away in the inheritance
hierarchy the correct method is, the longer it takes. The disadvantage of
allowing the user to decide which bindings are static and which are dynamic is
that the original design must include these decisions, which may have to be
changed later.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">25.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Study and explain private and public
modifiers in C++. How do those modifiers differ in C#?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C++
includes both classes and structs, which are nearly identical constructs. The
only difference is</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that
the default access modifier for class is private, whereas for structs it is
public. C# also has structs,</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>but
they are very different from those of C++. In C#, structs are, in a sense,
lightweight classes. They</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>can
have constructors, properties, methods, and data fields and can implement
interfaces but do not</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>support
inheritance.</span></div>
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<![endif]-->Fandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06702359224694378432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8050252202641971047.post-76978817865236479132013-06-26T03:08:00.003-07:002013-06-26T03:11:53.159-07:00Concepts of Programming Languages ---- Chapter 11 Abstract Data Types and Encapsulation Constructs<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Concepts of Programming Languages ---- Chapter 11 Abstract Data Types and Encapsulation Constructs</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"></span></span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Name : Fandy Limardi</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">NIM : 1601210713</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Lecture : Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc. (D0206)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Assignment : Concept of programming languages ---- </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 11 Abstract Data Types and Encapsulation Constructs</span></span><br />
<br />
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</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Review Questions</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Define abstract data types</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"></span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">the
representation of objects of the type is hidden from the program units that use
the </span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> type</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">the
declarations of the type and the protocols of the operations on objects of the
type</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What are the advantages of the two parts of
the definition of abstract data type</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">the
program will increase reliability, reduce the range of code and number
variables</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">it
provides a method of organizing a program into logical units that can be
compiled</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> separately.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What are the language design issues for
abstract data types</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">the
form of the container for the interface to the type</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">whether
abstract data type can be parameterized</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">what
access controls are provided and how such controls are specified</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">whether
the specification of the type is physically separate from its implementation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is the difference between private and
limited private types in Ada?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Private
types in Ada, it has built-in operations for assignment and comparisons for </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> equality and<span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"> </span>inequality.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Limited
private types in Ada, are described in the private section of a package </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> specification,
as are<span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"> </span>non pointer private types. Limited private types are declared to be
limited private in the visible part of </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> the package specification.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">9.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is in an ada package specification? What
about a body package?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A package specification and its
associated body package share the same name. The reserved word body in a
package header identifies it as being a body package. A package specification
and its body package may be compiled separately.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">12.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is the fundamental difference between a
C++ class and an Ada package?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">C++ classes are types ; as stated
previously, Ada packages are more generalized encapsulations that can define
any number of types. Ada packages can access any of its public entities
directly by their names. a C++ program unit that declares an instance of a
class can also access all of the public entities in that class, but only
through an instance of the class.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">13.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>From where are C++ objects allocated?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>from heap memory are C++ objects allocated</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">15.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is the purpose of a C++ destructor?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Destructor is often used as a
debugging aid, in which case they simply display or print the values of some or
all of the object's data members before those member are deallocated.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">22.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is the use of @private and @public
directives?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">the use of @private and @public
directives are to specify the access levels of the instance variables in a
class definition.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">27.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Where are all java methods defined?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">All java methods are defined
completely in a class. A method body must appear with its corresponding method
header</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">28.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Where are java classes allocated?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Java
classes allocated from the heap and accessed through reference variables.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">45.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Describe a .NET assembly</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.NET assembly is a .NET
application that appears to be a single dynamic link library (.dll) or an
executable (.exe). An assembly defines a module, which can be separately
developed and includes several different components.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Problem Set</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<b>4</b><b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. What are the advantages of
the nonpointer concept in Java?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">There
is no memory leak such as dangling pointers or unnamed variables.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memory
access via pointer arithmetic - this is fundamentally unsafe. Java has a
robust security model and disallows pointer arithmetic for this reason.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Array
access via pointer offsets – Java does this via indexed array access so you
don’t need pointers. A big advantage of Java’s indexed array access is that it
detects and disallows out of bounds array access, which can be a major source
of bugs.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">References
to objects – Java has this, it just doesn’t call them pointers. Any normal
object reference works as one of these.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
are the drawbacks of user-defined generic classes in Java 5.0?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Some drawbacks of user-defined generic classes in Java
5.0 are: for one thing, they cannot store primitives. Second, the elements
cannot be indexed. Elements must be added to user-defined generic collections
with the add method.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
happens if the constructor is absent in Java and C++?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It will be made automatically by the
built-up in.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>How
are classes in Ruby made dynamic?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Classes in Ruby are dynamic in the sense that members
can be added at any time. This is done by simply including additional class
definitions that specify the new members.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">15.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Give
one capability that Java 5.0 provides which C# 2005 does not.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">One capability that
Java 5.0 provides that C# 2005 does not is wildcard classes.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">19. Compare
Java’s packages with </span><a href="http://www.ruby-lang.org/" target="_blank" title="Ruby (programming language)"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ruby’s</span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> modules.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In Ruby, the <i>require</i> statement is used to
import a package or a module. For example, the extensions package/module is
imported as follows. require ‘extensions’. External files may be included in a
Ruby application by using <i>load</i> or <i>require</i>. For
example, to include the external file <i>catalog.rb</i>, add the
following <i>require</i> statement. require “catalog.rb”. The
difference between <i>load</i> and <i>require</i> is
that <i>load </i>includes the specified Ruby file every time the
method is executed and <i>require</i> includes the Ruby file only
once. In Java, the <i>import</i> statement is used to load a package.
For example, a </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Java package</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>java.sql</i> is
loaded as follows. import java.sql.*;</span></div>
</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span></span>
Fandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06702359224694378432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8050252202641971047.post-11441760613070644432013-06-26T02:48:00.000-07:002013-06-26T02:51:53.354-07:00Concepts of Programming Languages ---- Chapter 10 Implementing Subprograms<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Concepts of Programming Languages ---- </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 10 Implementing Subprograms</span></span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Name : Fandy Limardi</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">NIM : 1601210713</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Lecture : Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc. (D0206)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Assignment : Concept of programming languages ---- </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 10 Implementing Subprograms</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span></span>
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<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Review Questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is the task of a linker?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The task of a linker is to find
the files that contain the translated subprograms referenced in that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and load them into memory</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What are the two reasons why implementing
subprograms with stack-dynamic local variables is more difficult than
implementing simple subprograms?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">the
compiler must generate code to cause the implicit allocation and deal-location
of local </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> variables</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">recursion
adds the possibility of multiple simultaneous activations of a subprogram which </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> means that there can be more than one instance at a given time.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">10.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Define static chain, static_depth, nesting
depth and chain_offset</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Static
chain is a chain of static links that connect certain activation record
instances in the </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> stack.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Static
depth is an interger associated with a static scope that indicated how deeply
it is </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> nested in the outermost scope.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nesting
depth is the length of the static chain needed to reach the correct activation
record </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> instance for a nonlocal reference to a variable X</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chain_offset
is the length of static depth of the subprogram containing the reference to X </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> and declaration for X.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">11.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is an EP and what is its purpose?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">EP(environment pointer) is used
to access parameters and local variables during the execution of a subprogram. Its
purpose is used as the base of the offset addressing of the data contents of
the activation record instance - parameters and local variable or in other
meaning, it only saved versions are stored in the activation record instances
as the dynamic links.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">15.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Explain the two methods of implementing blocks</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">deep
access</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">shallow
access</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">16.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Describe the deep-access method of implementing
dynamic scoping</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The dynamic chain links together
all subprogram activation record instances in the reverse of the order in which
they were activated. The dynamic chain is exactly what is needed to reference
nonlocal variables in a dynamic-scoped language.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">17.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Describe the shallow-access method of
implementing dynamic scoping</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">An alternative implementation
method, not an alternative semantics. In the shallow-access method, variables
declared in subprograms are not stored in the activation records of those
subprograms.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Problem Set</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b>6.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Although
local variables in Java methods are dynamically allocated at the beginning of
each activation, under what circumstances could the value of a local variable
in a particular activation retain the value of previous activation?</b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br />
If the variable is declared as static. Static modifier is a modifier that makes
a variable history – sensitive.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
It stated in this chapter that when nonlocal variables are accessed in a
dynamic-scoped language using the dynamic chain, variable names must be stored
in the activation records with the values. If this were actually done, every
nonlocal access would require a sequence of costly string comparisons on names.
Design an alternative to these string comparisons that would be faster.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">One very simple alternative is to assign integer values to
all variable names used in the program. Then the integer values could be
used in the activation records, and the comparisons would be between
integer values, which are much faster than string comparisons.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pascal
allows gotos with nonlocal targets. How could such statements be handled if
static chains were used for nonlocal variable access? Hint: Consider the way
the correct activation record instance of the static parent of a newly enacted
procedure is found (see Section 10.4.2).</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Following the hint stated with the question, the target of
every goto in a program could be<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as an
address and a nesting_depth, where the nesting_depth is the difference between
the nesting level of the procedure that contains the goto and that of the
procedure containing the target. Then, when a goto is executed, the static
chain is followed by the number of links indicated in the nesting_depth of the
goto target. The stack top pointer is reset to the top of the activation record
at the end of the chain.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>If
a compiler uses the static chain approach to implementing blocks, which of the
entries in the activation records for subprograms are needed in the activation
records for blocks?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">There are two options for implementing blocks as
parameterless subprograms: One way is to use the same activation record as
a subprogram that has no parameters. This is the most simple way, because
accesses to block variables will be exactly like accesses to local
variables. Of course, the space for the static and dynamic links and the
return address will be wasted. The alternative is to leave out the static
and dynamic links and the return address, which saves space but makes
accesses to block variables different from subprogram locals.</span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span></span>
Fandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06702359224694378432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8050252202641971047.post-60055013724075877552013-06-26T02:38:00.000-07:002013-06-26T03:34:12.953-07:00Concepts of Programming Languages ---- Chapter 9 Subprograms<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Concepts of Programming Languages ---- </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 9 Subprograms</span></span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Name : Fandy Limardi</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">NIM : 1601210713</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Lecture : Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc. (D0206)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Assignment : Concept of programming languages ---- </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 9 Subprograms</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Review Questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What are the three general characteristics of
subprograms?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">each
subprogram has a single entry point</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">the
calling program unit is suspended during the execution of the called subprogram</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">control
always returns to the caller when the subprogram execution terminates</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What does it mean for a subprogram to be
active?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A subprogram is said to be active
after having been called, it has begun execution but has not yet completed that
execution.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is ruby array formal parameter?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ruby array formal parameter is
the single parameter which followed by the hash item which preceded by an
asterik. Ruby allows a variable number of parameters in a way similar to C#
because ruby arrays can store different types.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is a parameter profile? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>what is a subprogram protocol?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Parameter profile is a subprogram contains
the number, order , and types of its formal </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> parameters. Subprogram protocol is a
subprogram which its parameter profile plus, if it is a </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> function , its return
type. In languages in which subprogram have types, those types are </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> defined by
the subprogram's protocol.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">11.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What are the design issues for subprograms?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">are
local variables statically or dynamically allocated?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">can
subprogram definitions appear in other subprogram definitions?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">what
parameter-passing method or methods are used?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">are
the types of the actual parameters checked against the types of the formal parameters?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">if
a subprograms can be passed as parameters and subprograms can be nested, what
is the </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> referencing environment of a passed subprogram?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">can
subprograms be overloaded?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>can subprograms be generic?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">if
the language allows nested subprograms , are closures supported?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">12.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What are the advantages and disadvantages of
dynamic local variables?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Advantages</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">being
flexibility they provide to the subprogram</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">the
storage for local variables in an active subprogram can be shared with the
local </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> variables in all inactive subprograms.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Disadvantages</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">there
is the cost of time required to allocate, initialize and deallocate such
variables for each </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> call to the subprogram.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">accesses
to stack- dynamic local variables must be indirect.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">when
all local variables are stack dynamic, subprograms cannot be history sensitive.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">24.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is an overloaded subprogram?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Overloaded subprogram is a
subprogram that has the same name as another subprogram in the same referencing
environment</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">25.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is ad hoc binding?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ad hoc binding is the environment
of the call statement that passed the subprogram as an actual parameter</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">26.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is multicast delegate?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Multicast delegate is all of the
methods stored in a delegate instance are called in the order in which they
were placed in the instance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Problem Set</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Argue in support of the template functions of
C++. How is it different from the template functions in other languages?</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C++
templated classes are instantiated to become typed classes at compile time. For
example, an instance of the templated </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_stack" target="_blank" title="Call stack"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stack</span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> class, as well as an instance of the
typed class, can be created with the following declaration: Stack<int>
myIntStack; However, if an instance of the templated Stack class has already
been created for the int type, the typed class need not be created.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Suppose
you want to write a method that prints a heading on a new output page, along
with a page number that is 1 in the first activation and that increases by 1
with each subsequent activation. Can this be done without parameters and
without reference to nonlocal variables in Java? Can it be done in C#?</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
can be done in both Java and C#, using a static (or class) data member for
the page number.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Compare
the use of closures by programming languages.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nearly all functional programming languages, most
scripting languages, and at least one primarily imperative language, C#,
support closures. These languages are static-scoped, allow nested
subprograms, and allow subprograms to be passed as parameters.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">12.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research Jensen’s Device, which was a widely
known use of pass-by-name parameters, and write a short description of what it
is and how it can be used.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Implementing
a pass-by-name parameter requires a subprogram to be passed to the called
subprogram to evaluate the address or value of the formal parameter. The
referencing environment of the passed subprogram must also be passed. This
subprogram/referencing environment is a closure. Pass-by-name parameters are
both complex to implement and inefficient. They also add significant complexity
to the program, thereby lowering its readability and reliability. Because
pass-by-name is not part of any widely used language, it is not discussed
further here. However, it is used at compile time by the macros in assembly
languages and for the generic parameters of the generic subprograms in C++,
Java 5.0, and C# 2005.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">15.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>How
is the problem of passing multidimensional arrays handled by Ada?</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada compilers are able to determine the defined size
of the dimensions of all arrays that are used as parameters at the time
subprograms are compiled.</span></div>
Fandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06702359224694378432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8050252202641971047.post-74317131602293347442013-06-26T02:31:00.000-07:002013-06-26T02:49:38.198-07:00Concepts of Programming Languages ---- Chapter 8 Statement-Level Control Structures<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Concepts of Programming Languages ---- </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 8 Statement-Level Control Structures</span></span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Name : Fandy Limardi</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">NIM : 1601210713</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Lecture : Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc. (D0206)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Assignment : Concept of programming languages ---- </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 8 Statement-Level Control Structures</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span></span>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Review
Questions</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is the definition of
control structure?</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> structure is a control statement and the collection
of statements whose execution it controls.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What did Bohm and Jocopini prove about
flowcharts?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>they proved that all algorithms that can
be expressed by flowcharts can be coded in a programming languages with only
two control statements: one for choosing between two control flow paths and one
for logically controlled iterations.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is the definition of block?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Block is a sequence of code delimited by
either braces or the do and end reserved words.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Under what circumstances must an F# selector
have an else clause?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An F# selector have an “<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">else”</span>
clause if the “<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">if”</span><b><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></b>expression does return a value.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">12.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On what
previous language was C’s switch statement based?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br />
The ability to have control flow from one selectable segment to another is
rarely used. C’s switch is modeled on the multiple-selection statement in ALGOL<br />
68, which also does not have implicit branches from selectable segments</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">14.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
are the design issues for all iterative control statements?</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How
is the iteration controlled?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Where
should the control mechanism appear in the loop statement?</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">21.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
are the design issues for all iterative control statements?</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How
is the iteration controlled?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Where
should the control mechanism appear in the loop statement?</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">22.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is the main reason
user-located loop control were invented?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br />
It is convenient for a programmer to choose a location for loop control other
than the top or bottom of the loop body. As a result, some languages provide
this capability. A syntactic mechanism for user-located loop control can be
relatively simple, so its design is not difficult. Such loops have the
structure of infinite loops but include user-located loop exits.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">23. What are the design issues for user-located loop control mechanisms?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br />
The design issues for such a mechanism are the following:<br />
• Should the conditional mechanism be an integral part of the exit?<br />
• Should only one loop body be exited, or can enclosing loops also be exited?</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">26.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is a user-defined iteration
control?</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A user-defined
iteration control</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> is the one that issues a special call to the iterator, in which the
iterator is called at the beginning of each iteration, and each time it is
called, the iterator returns an element from a particular data structure in
some specific order.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Problem
Set</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What design issues should ne considered for
two-way selection statements?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> The
design issues for two-way selectors can be summarized as follows:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">What
is the form and type of the expression that controls the selection?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">How
are the then and else clauses specified?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">How
should the meaning of nested selectors be specified?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What are the limitations of implementing a
multiple selector from two-way selectors and </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> gotos?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A multiple selector can be built
from two-way selectors and gotos, but the resulting structures are cumbersome,
unreliable, and difficult to write and read.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What are the arguments , pro and con, for
Java’s approach to specify compound statements in control statements?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Compound
statements are required in control statements when the body of the if or else </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> clause requires multiple statements.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Java
uses braces to form compound statements, which serve as the bodies of if and else </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> clauses.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: .25in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">11.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the
Java switch statement, compared to C++’s switch statement.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: .25in; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The Java variable in the argument of a switch statement can be
of type integral ( byte, short etc.), char and String( JDK 1.7 onwards),
whereas in C++ the argument can be int or char.</span></div>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span>Fandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06702359224694378432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8050252202641971047.post-84513788314538821092013-04-09T09:20:00.002-07:002013-04-09T09:20:34.237-07:00Concepts of Programming Languages ---- Chapter 7 Expressions and Assignment Statements<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Concepts of Programming Languages ---- </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 7 Expressions and Assignment Statements</span></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Name : Fandy Limardi</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">NIM : 1601210713</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Lecture : Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc. (D0206)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Assignment : Concept of programming languages ---- </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 7 Expressions and Assignment Statements</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Review Questions </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">What is a coercion?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Coercion
is defined as an implicit type conversion that initiated by the compiler.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">What is an overloaded operator?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Overloaded
operator is arithmetic operators which used for more than one purpose.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Define narrowing and widening conversions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">A
narrowing conversion converts a value to a type that cannot store even
approximations of all of the values of the original type.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Widening
conversion converts a value to a type that can include at least approximations
of all of the values of the original type.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">In JavaScript, what is the difference between == and ===?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">==
is used for equivalence and === is used to prevent their operands from being
coerced and similar to their relatives == and !=.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">What is a mixed-mode expression?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">One
of the design decisions concerning arithmetic expressions is whether an
operator can have operands of different types. Languages that allow such
expressional is called mixed-mode expression<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">What is referential transparency?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">The
concept of referential transparency is related to and affected by functional
side effects.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">What are the advantages of referential transparency?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">The
most important of these is that the semantics programs is much easier to
understand than the semantics of programs that are not referentially
transparent<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">What is short-circuit evaluation?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">A
short-circuit evaluation of an expression in one in which the result is
determined without evaluating all of the operands and /or operantors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">What is the purpose of a compound assignment operator?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">A
compound assignment operator is a shorthand method of specifying a commonly
needed form of assignment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">What two
languages include multiple assignments?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Perl
and Ruby.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Problem Set<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Assume the following rules of
associativity and precedence for expressions:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Show the order of evaluation of the following expressions by parenthesizing
all subexpressions and placing a superscript on the right parenthesis to
indicate order. For example, for the
expression<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">a + b * c + d<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">the order of evaluation would be represented as<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">((a + (b * c)<sup>1</sup> )<sup>2</sup> + d)<sup>3<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">A. a * b - 1 + c </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (((a * b)<sup>1</sup>
- 1)<sup>2</sup> + c)<sup>3</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">B. a * (b - 1) / c mod d </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (((a * (b - 1)<sup>1</sup> )<sup>2</sup> / c)<sup>3</sup> mod d)<sup>4</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">C.
(a - b) / c & (d * e / a - 3) </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: CourierNewPSMT;"> ( ( ( a - b )<sup>1</sup> / c )<sup>2</sup>
& ( ( ( d * e )<sup>3</sup> / a )<sup>4</sup> - 3 )<sup>5</sup> )<sup>6<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">D. –a or c =d and e </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: CourierNewPSMT;"> ( ( ( - a )<sup>1</sup>
or ( c = d )<sup>2</sup> )<sup>3</sup> and e )<sup>4<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">E. a > b xor c or d <= 17 </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: CourierNewPSMT;"> ( ( a > b )<sup>1</sup>
xor ( c or ( d <= 17 )<sup>2</sup> )<sup>3</sup> )<sup>4<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">F. –a + b </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: CourierNewPSMT;"> ( - ( a + b )<sup>1</sup> )<sup>2</sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></sup></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Show the order of evaluation of the expressions of problem 9, assuming
that there are no precedence rules and all operators associate right to left.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "CourierNewPSMT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: CourierNewPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: CourierNewPSMT;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">a * b - 1 + c </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "CourierNewPSMT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: CourierNewPSMT;"> ( a * ( b - ( 1 + c )<sup>1</sup> )<sup>2</sup> )<sup>3</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "CourierNewPSMT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: CourierNewPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: CourierNewPSMT;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">a * (b - 1) / c mod d </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "CourierNewPSMT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: CourierNewPSMT;"> ( a * ( ( b - 1 )<sup>2</sup> / ( c mod d )<sup>1</sup>
)<sup>3</sup> )<sup>4</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "CourierNewPSMT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: CourierNewPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: CourierNewPSMT;">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">(a - b) / c
& (d * e / a - 3) </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "CourierNewPSMT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: CourierNewPSMT;"> ( ( a - b )<sup>5</sup> / (
c & ( d * ( e / ( a - 3 )<sup>1</sup> )<sup>2</sup> )<sup>3</sup> )<sup>4</sup>
)<sup>6</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "CourierNewPSMT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: CourierNewPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: CourierNewPSMT;">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">–a or c =d and
e </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: CourierNewPSMT;"> </span><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "CourierNewPSMT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: CourierNewPSMT;">( - ( a or ( c = ( d and e )<sup>1</sup> )<sup>2</sup>
)<sup>3</sup> )<sup>4</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "CourierNewPSMT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: CourierNewPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: CourierNewPSMT;">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">a > b xor c
or d <= 17 </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "CourierNewPSMT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: CourierNewPSMT;"> ( a > ( xor ( c or ( d
<= 17 )<sup>1</sup> )<sup>2</sup> )<sup>3</sup> )<sup>4</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "CourierNewPSMT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: CourierNewPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: CourierNewPSMT;">F.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">–a + b </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: CourierNewPSMT;"> </span><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "CourierNewPSMT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: CourierNewPSMT;">( - ( a + b )<sup>!</sup> )<sup>2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Let the function fun be defined as<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">int
fun(int *k)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> *k +=4;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> return 3 * (*k) - 1; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suppose
fun is used in a program as follows :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">void
main()<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> int i=10, j=10,sum1,sum2;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sum1 = (i/2) +fun (&i);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sum2 = fun(&j)+ (i/2);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What are
the values of sum1 and sum2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. if the
operands in the expressions are evaluated left to right? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. if the
operands in the expressions are evaluated right to left?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. sum1
is 46, sum2 is 48.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. sum1
is 48, sum2 is 46.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Explain why it is difficult to eliminate functional side effects in C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">One reason functional side effects would be
difficult to remove from C is that all of C's subprograms are functions,
providing the ability of returning only a single data value (though it could be
an array). The problem is that in many cases it is necessary (or at least
convenient) to return more than one data value, which is done through the use
of pointer actual parameters, which are a means of creating functional side
effects.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Consider the following C program:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">int fun(int *i)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">{<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"> *I +=5;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"> return 4;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">void main()<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">{<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"> int x = 3;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"> x = x +
fun(&x);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">What is the value of x after the assignment statement in main,
assuming <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">a. operands are evaluated left to right<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">b. operands are evaluated right to left<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">a. 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b. 12</span>Fandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06702359224694378432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8050252202641971047.post-72838353985808691282013-04-09T09:19:00.000-07:002013-04-09T09:19:06.692-07:00Concepts of Programming Languages ---- Chapter 6 Data Types<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Concepts of Programming Languages ---- </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 6 Data Types</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Name : Fandy Limardi</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">NIM : 1601210713</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Lecture : Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc. (D0206)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Assignment : Concept of programming languages ---- </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 6 Data Types</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Review Questions </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What is a descriptor?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A descriptor is the collection of the attributes of a variable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What are the design issues for
character string types?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Should
strings be simply a special kind of character array or a primitive type?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Should
strings have static or dynamic length?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the three string length
options.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Static
length string : the length can be static and set when the string is created<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Limited
Dynamic length strings : allow strings to have varying length up to a declared
and fixed maximum set by the variable’s definition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dynamic
lingth strings : allow strings to have varying length with no maximum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What are the design issues for
arrays?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What
types are legal for subscripts?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Are
subscripting expressions in element references range checked?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When
are subscript ranges bound?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When
does array allocation take place?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Are
ragged or rectangular multidimensioned arrays allowed or both?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Can
arrays be initialized when they have their storage allocated?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What
kinds of slices are allowed, if any?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Define static, fixed stack-dynamic, stack-dynamic, fixed heap-dynamic,
and heap-dynamic arrays. What are the advantages of each?</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Static
array : the subscript ranges are statically bound and storage allocation is
static.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Advantage : efficiency(no
dynamic allocation and deallocation is required).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fixed
stack-dynamic : the subscript ranges are statically bound, but the allocation
is done at declaration elaboration time during execution<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Advantage : space
efficiency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Stack
dynamic array : both the subscript ranges and the storage allocation are
dynamically bound at elaboration time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Advantage : flexibility.</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(the
size of an array need not be known until the array is to be used).</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fixed
heap dynamic array : the subscript ranges and the storage binding are both
fixed after storage is allocated.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Advantage :
flexibility(the array’s size always fits the problem).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Heap
dynamic array : the binding of subscript ranges and storage allocation is
dynamic and can change an number of times during the array’s lifetime,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Advantage : flexibility </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(arrays can grow or shrink during program execution).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">What happens when a nonexistent element of an array is referenced in
Perl?</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">When a nonexistent element of
an array is referenced in perl, an array can be made to shrink to no elements
by assigning it the empty list. So, the length of an array is defined to be the
largest subscript plus one.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> What languages support array slices with
stepsizes? </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 3pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ruby <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 3pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Python<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perl<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What array initialization feature is
available in Ada that is not available in other common imperative languages?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> array initialization feature is
available in Ada is by directly assigning them to an index position using the
=> operator, which in Ada is called an arrow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What is an aggregate constant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aggregate constant is the parenthesized list of constant value.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is the structure of an associative array?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">associative array</span> <span style="background: white;">is an</span> <span style="background: white;">unordered</span> <span style="background: white;">collection
of</span> <span style="background: white;">data elements</span> <span style="background: white;">that are</span> <span style="background: white;">indexed</span> <span style="background: white;">by an equal number of</span> <span style="background: white;">values</span> <span style="background: white;">called</span> <span style="background: white;">keys.</span> <span style="background: white;">User-defined
keys</span> <span style="background: white;">must be</span> <span style="background: white;">stored in structure.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What is the purpose of level numbers
in COBOL records?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">the purpose of level numbers in COBOL records is to divide of a COBOL
program. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The example:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">01<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">EMPLOYEE-RECORD<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">02 EMPLOYEE-NAME<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 05 FIRST<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 05 LAST<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">02 HOURLY-RATE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">12.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Define fully qualified and elliptical references to fields in records.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fully
qualified references must include all record names.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Elliptical
references allow leaving out record names as long as
thereference is unambiguous.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">13.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What the two common problems with pointers?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dangling pointers (dangerous)
and Lost heap-dynamic variable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">14.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is a C++ reference type, and what is its common use?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C++ includes
a special kind of pointer type called a reference
type that is used primarily for formal parameters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Problem set<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">What are the arguments for and against four signed integer
sizes in Java?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">bytes
(1 byte), short(2 bytes), integer (4 bytes), long (8 bytes). As a result, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">depending
on the domain of the variable required, data types are used.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Compare the pointer and reference type variable in C++<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">A pointer can be re-assigned any number of times while
a reference can not be reassigned after initialization. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">A C++ reference
type variable is a constant pointer that is always implicitly dereferenced.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">In the Burroughs Extended ALGOL language, matrices are
stored as a single-dimensioned array of pointers to the rows of the matrix,
which are treated as single-dimensioned array of pointers to the rows of the
matrix, which are treated as single-dimensioned arrays of values. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of such a scheme?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">The advantage of this scheme is that accesses that are done
in order of the rows can be made very fast; once the pointer to a row is
gotten, all of the elements of the row can be fetched very quickly. If,
however, the elements of a matrix must be accessed in column order, these accesses
will be much slower; every access requires the fetch of a row pointer and an
address computation from there.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">What are the arguments for and against Heap management’s
single-size cells and variable-size cells?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Single-size Allocation Heap: </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">all available
cells are linked together using the pointers in the cells, forming a list of
available space. Allocation is a simple matter of taking the required number of
cells from this list when they are needed. Deallocation is a much more complex
process. A heap-dynamic variable can be pointed to by more than one pointer,
making it difficult to determine when the variable is no longer useful to the
program. Simply because one pointer is disconnected from a cell.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Variable-size Allocation
Heap: </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">The
initial setting of the indicators of all cells in the heap to indicate that
they are garbage is difficult. Because the cells are different sizes, scanning
them is a problem. One solution is to require each cell to have the cell size
as its first field. Then the scanning can be done, although it takes slightly
more space and somewhat more time than its counterpart for fixed-size cells.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">In what way is dynamic type checking better than static type
checking?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dynamic type checking is
better than static because dynamic checking happens in compile time not in run
time, </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Static
checking reduces programmer flexibility.</span>Fandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06702359224694378432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8050252202641971047.post-9650397075673646342013-04-09T09:17:00.003-07:002013-04-09T09:17:32.589-07:00Concepts of Programming Languages ---- Chapter 5 Names, Bindings, and Scopes<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Concepts of Programming Languages ---- </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 5 Names, Bindings, and Scopes</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Name : Fandy Limardi</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">NIM : 1601210713</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Lecture : Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc. (D0206)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Assignment : Concept of programming languages ---- </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 5 </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Names, Bindings, and Scopes</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Review Questions </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->What are the design issues for names?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Are names case sensitive?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Are the special words of the language reserved
words or keywords?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->What is the potential danger of case sensitive
names?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Case sensitive violates the design
principle that language constructs that look similar should have similar
meanings. But in language whose variable names are case-sensitive, although for
example rose and Rose look similar, there is no connection between them.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->In what way are reserved words better than keywords</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
As a language design choice, reserved words
are better than keywords because the ability to redefine keywords can be
confusing.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Which category of C++ reference variables is
always aliases?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Union type category of C++ reference
variables is always aliases.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->What is the referencing environment of a
statement?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
The referencing environment of a statement
is the collection of all variables that are visible in the statement.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->What is a block?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Block is a section of code which the
section is entered and deallocated when the section is exited.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->What are the advantages and disadvantages of
dynamic scoping?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Adavantages :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Easier to read</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->More reliable</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Execute faster than equivalent programs in
dynamic scoped languages.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
Disadvantages :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->There is no way to protect local variables from
this accessibility.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Inability to type check references to nonlocals
statically.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Dynamic scooping makes programs much more
difficult to read, because the calling sequence of subprograms must be known to
determine the meaning of references to nonlocal variables.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->What are the advantages of named constants?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
The advantages of named constants are useful
as aids to readability and program reliability.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Problem Set</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Decide which of the following identifier names
in valid in C language. Support your decision</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
_Student</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Int</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Student</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
123Student</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Student123</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Answer : _Student, Student,Student123</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->What is l-value? Write a statement in C language
which gives the compile time error “l-value required”</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
The address of a variable is sometimes
called its I-value. The statement in C language which gives the compile time
error is scanf(“%d”, value);</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Why is the type declaration of a variable
necessary? What is the value range of the int type variable in Java?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Because the program have to know what data
type of a variable and the value of the variable. The value range of the int
type variable in Java is around -2147483648 to 2147483647.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Assume the following JavaScript program was
interpreted using static-scoping rules. What value of x is displayed in
function sub1?<br />
Under dynamic-scoping rules, what value of x is displayed in sub1?</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> var
x;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> function sub1() {<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> document.write("X="+ x +
" <br />");<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> }<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> function sub2() {<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> var x;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> x=10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> sub1();<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> }<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> x=5;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> sub2();<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Answer
: Static scope: x=5 Dynamic scoping: x=10.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Fandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06702359224694378432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8050252202641971047.post-45549615257543504592013-03-26T06:22:00.001-07:002013-03-26T06:22:09.749-07:00Concepts of Programming Languages ---- Chapter 3 Describing Syntax and Semantics<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Concepts of Programming Languages ---- </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 3 Describing Syntax and Semantics</span></span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Name : Fandy Limardi</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">NIM : 1601210713</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Lecture : Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc. (D0206)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Assignment : Concept of programming languages ---- </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Chapter 3 Describing Syntax and Semantics</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Chapter 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">REVIEW QUESTIONS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Define syntax and semantics<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">The syntax of a programming language is the form of its expressions, statements, and program units. Semantics is the meaning of those expressions, statements, and program units.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Describe the operation of a general language generator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">A language generator is a device that can be used to generate the sentences of a language. We can think of the generator as having a button that produces a sentence of the language every time it is pushed . In this term, people prefer certain forms of generators over recognizers because they can more easily read and understand them. By contrast, the syntax- checking portion of a compiler is not as useful a language description for a programmer because it can be used only in trial and error mode.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Describe the operation of a general language recognizer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Suppose we have a language L that uses an alphabet ∑ of characters. To define L formally using the recognition method, we would need to construct a mechanism R, called a recognition device, capable of reading strings of characters from the alphabet ∑. R would indicate whether a given input string was or was not in L. In effect, R would either accept of reject the given string. Because most useful languages are, for all practical purposes, infinite, this might seem like a lengthy and ineffective process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">What is the difference between a sentence and a sentential form?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Sentence form is a program consists of the special word begin, followed by a list of statements separated by semicolons, followed by the special word end. Sentential form is each of the strings in the derivation, including <program><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Distinguish between static and dynamic semantics<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Static semantics of a language is only indirectly related to the meaning of programs during execution; rather, it has to do with the legal forms of programs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Dynamic semantics is the expressions , statements, and program units of a programming language. Because of the power and naturalness of the available notation, describing syntax is a simple matter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">What is the difference between a synthesized and inherited attribute?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Synthesized attributes are used to pass semantic information up a parse tree, inherited attributes are used to pass semantic information down and across a tree.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Describe the two levels of uses of operational semantics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">The first step in creating an operational semantics description of a language is to design an appropriate intermediate language, where the primary characteristic of the language is clarity. Every construct of the intermediate language must have an obvious and unambiguous meaning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Evaluation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">The first and most significant use of formal operational semantics was to describe the semantics of PL/I. Operational semantics provides an effective means of describing semantics for language users and language implementers with simple and informal description.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Give an example of an ambiguous grammar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><assign> -> <id> = <expr><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><id>-> A|B|C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><expr> -> <expr> + <expr><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"> | <expr> * <expr><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"> | (<expr>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"> | <id><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">The grammar is ambiguous because the sentence A = B + C *A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">What is the use of the wp function? Why it is called a predicate transformer?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">The wp function is helpful to treat the process of producing a weakest precondition as a function. It is called a predicate transformer because it takes a predicate, or assertion, as a parameter and returns another predicate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Give the difference between total correctness and partial correctness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Total correctness is the axiomatic description of the loop when the loop termination is shown<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Partial correctness is the other condition can be met but termination is not guaranteed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">PROBLEM SET<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Syntax error and semantic error are two types of compilation error. Explain the difference between the two in a program with examples.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Syntax Error: error due to missing colon, semicolon, parenthesis, etc. Syntax is the way in which we construct sentences by following principles and rules.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><br /><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Example: In C++, it would be a syntax error to say<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br /><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">int a = "ten";</span><br /><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">This will not compile because it does not follow the syntax of the language and does not make any sense to the compiler.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Semantic Error: it is a logical error. it is due to wrong logical statements. Semantics is the interpretations of and meanings derived from the sentence transmission and understanding of the message. Semantics errors are Logical, while Syntax errors are code errors.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br /><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Example: A semantic error would compile, but be incorrect logically:</span><br /><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">const int a = 12345;</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Prove that the following grammar is ambiguous:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><S> -> <A><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><A> -> <A> * <A> | <id><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><id> -> x|y|z<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyZZxjYTxsXWZaO4uUzlTBCCT1yuxaGy0mX9mAFoKOdbr5ElJztIrI12pgCxfkvXzoAyQHDCssBf3NPtaBlSGbLFku81FJvCCzcIrNjs268ldUDwn1pM_XWAg99Lz99HosMO43Gz6un5x9/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyZZxjYTxsXWZaO4uUzlTBCCT1yuxaGy0mX9mAFoKOdbr5ElJztIrI12pgCxfkvXzoAyQHDCssBf3NPtaBlSGbLFku81FJvCCzcIrNjs268ldUDwn1pM_XWAg99Lz99HosMO43Gz6un5x9/s320/1.jpg" width="170" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8x11yEmd7Az3doY5hR6T36VFzb-IS3B00BdrjX8Oinqcqc8shCBZg5R5FxVEceR4zDxDYWT0nvE55BYTaH1tCAhE-M85JcSXwU0qr4C0Tani0jAByxgm6P7DnQYgm1CNhk8UgU9cbopog/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8x11yEmd7Az3doY5hR6T36VFzb-IS3B00BdrjX8Oinqcqc8shCBZg5R5FxVEceR4zDxDYWT0nvE55BYTaH1tCAhE-M85JcSXwU0qr4C0Tani0jAByxgm6P7DnQYgm1CNhk8UgU9cbopog/s320/2.jpg" width="153" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Describe, in English, the language defined by the following grammar in BNF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><S> -> <X> <Y><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><X> -> x <X> | x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><Y> -> y <Y> | y<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><X> will generate one or more consecutive x’s.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><Y> will generate one or more consecutive y’s.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">So <X> <Y> will generate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">One or more x’s followed by one or more y’s.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>Consider the following grammar<o:p></o:p></div>
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<S> -> <A> a <B> b<o:p></o:p></div>
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<A> -> <A> b | b<o:p></o:p></div>
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<B> -> a <B> | a<o:p></o:p></div>
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Which of the following sentences are in the language generated by this grammar?<o:p></o:p></div>
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a. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>baab<o:p></o:p></div>
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b. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>bbbab<o:p></o:p></div>
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c. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>bbaaaaa<o:p></o:p></div>
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d. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>bbaab<o:p></o:p></div>
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<A> will generate one or more consecutive b's<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
<B> will generate one or more consecutive a's<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
So <A> a <B> b will generate<span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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a.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>baab : ok<o:p></o:p></div>
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<S>=><A>a<B>b => b a <B> b => b a a b<o:p></o:p></div>
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b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>bbaab : ok<o:p></o:p></div>
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<S> => <A>a<B>b => b b a <B>b => b b a a b<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Consider the following grammar in BNF:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><S> -> a <S> c <B> | <A> | b<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><A> -> c<A> | c<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><B> -> d | <A><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Which of the following sentences are in the language generated by this grammar? Explain your answers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">a) abcd : ok<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Derivation:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <S> => a <S> c <B> => a b c <B> => a b c d <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">e) accc : ok<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Derivation:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <S> => a <S> c <B> => a <A> c <B> => a c c <B> => a c c <A> => a c c c<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Convert the BNF of Example 3.3 to EBNF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><assign> -> <id> = <expr><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><id> -> A|B|C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><expr> -> <id> + <expr><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> | <id> * <expr><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> | ( <expr> )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> | <id><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <assign> -> <id> = <expr><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <id> -> A|B|C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <expr> -> <id> {(+ | *) <term>}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <term> -> ‘(‘ <expr> ‘)’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Convert the following EBNF to BNF:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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S A {bA}</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Aa [b]A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<S> <S>b<A> | <A></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><A> a<A> | ab<A><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">What is a fully attributed parse tree?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">A fully attributed parse tree is a condition when all the attributed values in parse tree have been computed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Compute the weakest precondition for each of the following assignment statements and postconditions :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">a = 2 * ( b – 1 ) – 1 {a > 0}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">b = ( c + 10 ) / 3 {b>6}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">a = a + 2 * b – 1 {a>1}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">x = 2 * y + x – 1 {x>11}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">2 * ( b – 1 ) – 1 > 0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">2b – 2 – 1 > 0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">2b – 3 > 0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">2b > 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">B > 3/2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">( c + 10 ) / 3 > 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">c + 10 > 18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">c > 8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">a + 2 * b – 1 > 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">a + 2 * b > 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">2 * b > 2 – a <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">2 * y + x – 1 > 11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">2 * y + x > 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">2 * y > 12 – x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Computer the weakest precondition for each of the following sequences of assignment statements and their postconditions :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"> a = 2 * b + 1;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">b = a – 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">{b < 0}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">a = 3 * (2 * b + a);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">b = 2 * a – 1 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">{b > 5}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">a – 3 < 0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">a < 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">2 * b + 1 < 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">2 * b < 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">b < 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">2 * a – 1 > 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">2 * a > 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">a > 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">3 * ( 2 * b + a ) > 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">2 * b + a > 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">2 * b > 1 - a<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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Fandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06702359224694378432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8050252202641971047.post-31047510028006075862013-03-04T10:13:00.001-08:002013-03-04T10:13:26.958-08:00Concepts of Programming Languages ---- Chapter 2 Evolution of the Major Programming languages<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Concepts of Programming Languages ---- Chapter 2 </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Evolution of the Major Programming languages</span></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Name : Fandy Limardi</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">NIM : 1601210713</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Lecture : Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc. (D0206)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Assignment : Concept of programming languages ---- chapter 2 </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Evolution of the Major Programming languages</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Chapter 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Review Questions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In
what year was Plankalkul designed? In what year was that design published?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer : In 1945, Plankalkul was
designed. In 1972, that design published.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mention
an interesting feature of Zuse’s programs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer : An interesting feature of
Zuse’s programs is the inclusion of mathematical expressions showing the
current relationships between program variables.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What
does Plankalkul mean?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer : Plankalkul means high
level non-von Neumann programming language or program calculus designed by
Konrad Zuse.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Speedcoding
was invented to overcome two significant shortcomings of the computer hardware
of the early 1950s. What were they?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer : <span style="background: white; color: #222222;">Non-connotative names, absolute addressing. (Floating-point
arithmetic, automatic incrementing of address register)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What
is the number of bits in a single word of the UNIVAC I’s memory? How are the
bits grouped?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer : The number of bits in a
single word of the UNIVAC I’s memory is 72 bits, grouped as 12 six-bit bytes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What
hardware capability that first appeared in the IBM 704 computer strongly affected
the evolution of programming languages? Explain why.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer : The inclusion of
floating-point hardware capability that first appeared in the IBM 704 computer
strongly affected the evolution of programming languages because at that time
,the lack of floating-point hardware in the available computers. All floating
–point operations had to be simulated in software, a very time-consuming
process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Who
developed the Speedcoding system for the IBM 701?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer : John Backus developed the
Speedcoding system for the IBM 701.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Who
developed Short Code? Why is Short Code called automatic programming?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer : John Mauchly developed
short code. Short Code called automatic
programming because it was not translated to machine code, it was implemented
with a pure interpreter. It clearly simplified the programming process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Under
what environmental consideration was Fortran developed? Which is the first
version of Fortran?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The environmental consideration in
which Fortran was developed was as follows :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Computers
had small memories and were slow and relatively unreliable<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
primary use of computers was for scientific computations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There
were no existing efficient and effective ways to program computers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Because
of the high cost of computers compared to the cost of programmers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">the first version of Fortran is
Fortran I .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What
was the most significant feature added to Fortran I to get Fortran II?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer : the most significant feature added to Fortran
I to get Fortran II was being the independent compilation of subroutines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What
control flow statements were added to Fortran IV to get Fortran 77?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer : control flow statements were added to Fortran
IV to get Fortran 77 are character string handling, logical loop control
statements , and an If with an optional Else clause.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Which
version of Fortran was the first to have any sort of dynamic variables?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer : Fortran 90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Which
version of Fortran was the first to have character string handling?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer : Fortran 77<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Why were linguists interested in artificial
intelligence in the late 1950s?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: Linguists were concerned with natural language processing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In what way are Scheme and Common LISP
opposites of each other?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: Common LISP allows for static scoping and dynamic scoping Scheme only uses
static scoping.<span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What
dialect of LISP is used for introductory programming courses at some
universities?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer : Scheme<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What
two professional organizations together designed ALGOL 60?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer : <span style="background: white; color: #222222;">ACM and GAMM<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What
were modifications to ALGOL 58 to produce ALGOL 60?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
concept of block structure was introduced<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Two
different means of passing parameters to subprograms were allowed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Procedures
were allowed to be recursive<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Stack-dynamic
arrays were allowed <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What language was designed to describe the
syntax of ALGOL 60?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: BNF (Backus-Naur form)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On what language was COBOL based?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: Flow-Matic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">21.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In
what year did the COBOL design process begin?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer : <span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222;">1959<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">22.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What data structure that appeared in COBOL
originated with Plankalkul?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: Hierarchical data structures (records)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">23.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What organization was most responsible for
the early success of COBOL (in terms of extent of use)?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: Department of Defense (DoD)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Why was BASIC an important language in the
early 1980s?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer : <span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222;">Its smaller dialects could be implemented on computers with
very small memories</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PL/I was designed to replace what two languages?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: COBOL and Fortran</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">26.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For what new line of computers was PL/I
designed?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: the IBM system/360 line of computers</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">27.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What features of SIMULA 67 are now important
parts of some object-oriented languages?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: Data abstraction</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">28.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What innovation of data structuring was
introduced in ALGOL 68 but is often credited to Pascal?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: User-defined data types</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">29.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What design criterion was used extensively in
ALGOL 68?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: Orthogonality</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What language introduced the case statement?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer : <span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222;">ALGOL-W</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">31.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What operators in C were modeled on similar
operators in ALGOL 68?</span><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: for and switch statements, in its assigning operators, and in its treatment
of pointers</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">32.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What are two characteristics of C that make
it less safe than Pascal?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: Lack of complete type checking and flexibility</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">33.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What are the two kinds of statements that
populate a Prolog database?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: Facts and rules</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">34.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What is the primary application area for which
Ada was designed?</span><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: Embedded systems</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">35.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What three concepts are the basis for
object-oriented programming</span><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: Classes, objects and methods</span><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Problem Set<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What
features of Fortran IV do you think would have had the greatest influence on
Java if the Java designers had been familiar with Fortran?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: I think features of Fortran IV would have had the greatest influence on Java
if the Java designers had been familiar with Fortran are explicit type
declarations for variables, a logical If construct, and the capability of
passing subprograms as parameters to other subprograms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Write a
short history of the Fortran 0, Fortran I, Fortran II, and Fortran IV systems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fortran
0 (1955) : It would provide the efficiency of hand coded programs and the ease
of programming of the interpretive pseudo code systems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fortran
I (1956) : It included input/output formatting, variable names of up to six
characters. User defined subroutines, the If selection statement , and the Do
loop statement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fortran
II (1958) : It fixed many of the bugs in the Fortran I compilation system and
added some significant features to the language , the most important being the
independent compilation of subroutines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fortran
IV (1962) : its most additions were explicit type declarations for variables, a
logical If construct, and the capability of passing subprograms as parameters
to other subprograms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As a
research project, compare the features of C with those of the BASIC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: Features of C are input/output, looping, selection, pointers, file
processing, arrays, struct and so on. Features of BASIC are there was no way
for executing program to get input data from the user. Programs were typed in,
compiled and run. BASIC had only 14 different statement types and a single data
type (floating point).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Which
of the three original goals of the Fortran design committee, in my opinion, was
most difficult to achieve at that time?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: in my opinion, the primary use of computers for scientific computations
(algebraic translation system) was most difficult to achieve at that time<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Make an
educated guess as to the most common syntax error in C programs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.
Semicolon missing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2 Forget declared variables.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.
Function with not the same data type parameters in main <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4..Forget
parentheses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe
in detail the two most important reasons, in your opinion, why speedcoding did
not become a very widely used language?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: because there is a limitations of such systems, consider that the remaining
usable memory after loading interpreter was only 700 words and that the add
instruction took 4.2 milliseconds to execute. Speedcoding included the novel facility
of automatically incrementing address registers. This facility did not appear
in hardware until UNIVAC 1107 computers of 1962.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Why, in
your opinion, did Fortran allow names that began with I,J,K,L,M, and N as
implicitly interger type?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: Fortran allowed names that began with
I,J,K,L,M, and N as implicitly interger type because the choice of the letters
for this convention was based on the fact that at that time scientist and
engineers used letters as variable subscripts, usually i, j, and k. In a
gesture of generosity, Fortran’s designers threw in three additional letters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Outline
the major developments in ALGOL 60.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Answer
: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
concept of block structure was introduced<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Two
different means of passing parameters to subprograms were allowed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Procedures
were allowed to be recursive<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Stack-dynamic
arrays were allowed <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Was
IBM’s assumption, on which it based its decision to develop PL/I, correct,
given the history of computers and language developments since 1964<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: IBM incorrect in its view of the future of the uses of computers, at least as
far as languages are concerned. Commercial applications are nearly all done in
languages that are specifically designed for them. On the other hand, the IBM
design of the 360 line of computers was a great success. it dominates the area
of computers between supercomputers and minicomputers. Furthermore, 360 series
computers and their descendants have been widely used for both scientific and commercial
applications in large part, in Fortran and COBOL.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What is the primary reason why C became more
widely used than Fortran?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: the primary reason why C became more widely used than Fortran is its lack of
complete type checking such as functions could be written for which parameters
were not type checked. Those who like C appreciate the flexibility. Then, a
compiler for it was part of the widely used UNIX operating system. This
inclusion in UNIX provided an essentially free and quite good compiler that was
available to programmers on many different kinds of computers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What are the arguments both for and against
the idea of a typeless language?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222;">The argument for typeless
languages is their great flexibility for the programmer. Some storage location
can be used to store any type value for very low-level languages and systems programming. The drawback that type
checking is impossible, so it is the programmer's responsibility to insure that
expressions and assignments are correct.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Languages continually evolve. What sort of
restriction do you think are appropriate for the changes in programming
languages? Compare your answer with the evolution of Fortran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: The danger is that the process of revision. It will add new features, so that
the language grows more complex. Compounding the problem is the reluctance,
because of existing software, to remove obsolete features.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In
recent years data structures have evolved within scripting languages to replace
traditional arrays. Explain the chronological sequence of these developments.<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer : As in scheme, Lua’s
functions are first-class values. Lua support closures. These capabilities
allow it to be used for functional programming. Lua has only single data structures, although in Lua’s
case, it is the table. Lua’s tables extend PHP’s associate arrays. References
to table elements can take the form of references to traditional arrays,
associative arrays, or records. Luas uses garbage collection for its objects.
It uses dynamic typing. Lua is a small and simple language, having only 21
reserved words. Much of its extensibility derives from its table data structure.
Lua can conveniently be used as a scripting language extension to other
languages. Lua is translated to an intermediate code and interpreted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Explain two reasons why pure interpretation
is an acceptable implementation method for several recent scripting languages<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: pure interpretation is an acceptable implementation method for several recent
scripting languages is when the amount of computation is small, the processing
time will be negligible. The second one is when the amount of computation is small
and it is done in interactive environment, where the processor is often idle
because of the slow speed of human interactions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Give a brief general description of the Java
servlet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<span style="background: #F9FBFD; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer
: Java servlet is an instance of a java class that resides on and is executed
on a web server system. The execution of a servlet is requested by a markup
document being displayed by a web browser. The servlet’s output, which is in
the form of an HTML document, is returned to the requesting browser. A program
that runs in the web server process, called a servlet container, controls the
execution of servlet. Servlet are commonly used for form processing and for
database access.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Fandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06702359224694378432noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8050252202641971047.post-15480984489695962082013-03-04T09:56:00.003-08:002013-03-04T10:11:30.826-08:00Concepts of Programming Languages ---- Chapter 1 PreliminariesConcepts of Programming Languages ---- Chapter 1 Preliminaries<br />
<br />
Name : Fandy Limardi<br />
NIM : 1601210713<br />
Lecture : Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc. (D0206)<br />
Assignment : Concept of programming languages ---- chapter 1<br />
<br style="background-color: black; color: #cacaca; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;" />
Chapter 1<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Review question<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Why is it useful for a programmer to have some background in language design, even though he or she may never actually design a programming language?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Answer : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Increased capacity to express ideas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Improved background for choosing the appropriate languages<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Increased ability to learn new languages<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Better understanding of the significance of implementation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Better use of languages that are already known<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Overall advancement of computing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">What programming language has dominated scientific computing over the past 50 years?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Answer : Fortran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">What programming language has dominated business applications over the past 50 years?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Answer : COBOL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">What programming language has dominated artificial intelligence over the past 50 years?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Answer : LISP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">In what language is most of UNIX written?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Answer : C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">What is one example of a lack of orthogonality in the design of C?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Answer : under the following rules and exceptions in C, C has two kind of structured data types, arrays and records (struct), records can be returned from functions but arrays cannot. A member if a structure can be any data type except void or structure of the same type. An array element can be any data type except void or a function. Parameters are passed by value, unless they are arrays.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">What language used orthogonality as a primary design criterion?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Answer : ALGOL 68<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">What does it mean for a program to be reliable?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Answer : A program is said to be reliable if it performs to its specifications under all conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Why is type checking the parameters of a subprogram important?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Answer : Because run-time type checking is expensive ,compile-time type checking is more desirable. Furthermore, the earlier errors in programs are detected, the less expensive it is to make the required repairs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">What is aliasing?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Answer : aliasing is having two or more distinct names that can be used to access the same memory cell.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">What is exception handling?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Answer : The ability of a program to intercept run-time errors (as well as other unusual conditions detectable by the program), take corrective measures, and then continue is an obvious aid to reliability.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Problem Set<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Who is said to be the first programmer in human history?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Answer : Ada Lovelace<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">What are the disadvantages of multiple programming languages ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Answer : Lack of standards and the programmer have to know multiple programming<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">languages<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">In what way do the languages for scientific applications differ from the languages for business applications? Support your view.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Answer : The scientific applications of that time used relatively simple data structures, but required large numbers of floating-point arithmetic computations. The most common data structures were arrays and matrices, the most common control structures were counting loops and selections. The languages of business applications are characterized by facilities for producing elaborate reports, precise ways of describing and storing decimal numbers and character data and the ability to specify decimal arithmetic operations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">In what way do the languages for artificial intelligence differ from the languages for web software? Support your view.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Answer : Artificial intelligence is characterized by the use of symbolic rather than numeric computations. Symbolic computation means that symbols, consisting of names rather than numbers, are manipulated. It is more conveniently done with linked lists of data rather than arrays. Web software is supported by an eclectic collection of languages, ranging from markup languages, such as HTML, which is not a programming language, to general-purpose programming languages, such as Java. Code is often in the form of a scripting language, such as JavaScript or PHP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Java uses a semicolon to mark the end of all statements. What are the advantages for and against this design?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Answer : The advantages is it will make the system to determine which group to be call and is being ended. In other meaning, a semicolon always terminates a statement. The argument against this design is that you require a semicolon for every statement<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Most languages use functions and subroutines. What are the pros and cons of this design decision?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Answer : The pros of this design is easier to use. In other meaning, function and subroutines make some statements to be 1 function and it can be use for many times with this function . The cons of this design is function can get annoying for some commonly-used operations. For example, math function could be represented with just functions like plus(), minus(), and divide() </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"> total = add(a, add(b, add(c, add(d ,e) ) ) ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Make a comparative study of the cost of software and hardware<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Answer : In previous times, the cost of hardware was higher than that of software, but<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">The cost of software is higher than the hardware now.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Name some languages which use preprocessor directives and some which don’t. What are the advantages and disadvantages of preprocessor directives?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Answer : C and C++ use preprocessor directives. Java doesn’t use preprocessor directives. The advantage by using preprocessor takes no memory. The disadvantages by using preprocessor are name not be seen by debugger (only replacement text) and haven’t specific data type</span></div>
Fandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06702359224694378432noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8050252202641971047.post-86828094957624567792012-10-14T18:35:00.009-07:002012-10-14T18:35:51.037-07:00Samsung S3 Mini<!--[if !mso]>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIBKID9BOinT-XLem5oC3umIZ-fAeifvR7TtAAp9W-GoEBIt2pR7PQRZDgXGH33NxKQkgHuQjy77C0T6m4h45ZG0Hi35_5VgbfXXITDw0BpBIQJutQngfvDt6jQDHnCBJhqb77nNYpxgxy/s1600/mini.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIBKID9BOinT-XLem5oC3umIZ-fAeifvR7TtAAp9W-GoEBIt2pR7PQRZDgXGH33NxKQkgHuQjy77C0T6m4h45ZG0Hi35_5VgbfXXITDw0BpBIQJutQngfvDt6jQDHnCBJhqb77nNYpxgxy/s320/mini.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metrotvnews.com:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Samsung mengumumkan akan meluncurkan seri Galaxy Mini S3.
Seri terbaru ini dengan mengurangi layar dari 0,8 inci menjadi 4 inci
atau hampir menyamai bentuk iPhone5.<br />
<br />
Galaxy Mini S3 ini didukung platform teknologi Jelly Bean yang adalah versi
terbaru dari sistem operasi Android ciptaan Google. Namun Samsung belum
mengumumkan kapan ponsel pintar ini akan dipasarkan. <br />
<br />
Detail fitur Galaxy Mini S3 muncul pada pengumuman Kamis (11/10) lalu, hanya
berselang 6 bulan setelah peluncuran Galaxy S3. Galaxy Mini S3 akan
dilengkapi kamera 5 megapiksel di belakang layar dan kamera VGA di depan
layar.<br />
<br />
Ponsel ini memiliki desain lebih besar dan mengadopsi Near Field Communication
(NFC) yang memudahkan pembayaran. Tampil lebih slim, Galaxy Mini menawarkan
layar dengan 800 x 480 piksel sehingga gambar yang dihasilkan semakin
jelas.
(http://www.metrotvnews.com/read/news/2012/10/14/109852/Galaxy-Mini-S3-Segera-Hadir/13)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spesifikasi HP Samsung Galaxy S3
Mini</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 570px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE; height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; width: 42.0pt;" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaringan</span></b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2G</span></div>
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<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GSM 850/900/1800/1900 MHz</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3G</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HSDPA 900/2100 MHz</span></div>
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</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td rowspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE; height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Layar</span></b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tipe</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TFT capacitive touchscreen Super
AMOLED</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ukuran</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">480 x 800 pixels 4 inci</span></div>
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</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td rowspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE; height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dimensi</span></b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ukuran</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">121.55 x 62.95 x 9.85 mm</span></div>
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</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">112 g</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td rowspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE; height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memory</span></b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Internal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16 GB, 1 GB RAM</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">External</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">microSD, up to 32 GB</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td rowspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE; height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kamera</span></b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Primer</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5 MP, LED flash</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sekunder</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VGA</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td rowspan="6" style="background: #EEEEEE; height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Data</span></b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3G</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EDGE</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GPRS</span></div>
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<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">WLAN</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wifi 802.11 b, g, n (2.4, 5 GHz)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bluetooth</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">v4.0 with A2DP</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">USB/Port</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td rowspan="6" style="background: #EEEEEE; height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fitur</span></b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">OS</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Android 4.1 Jelly Bean</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CPU</span></div>
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<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dual Core 1 GHz</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
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<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HTML, Adobe Flash</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 19;">
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 20;">
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Messaging</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SMS(threaded view), MMS, Email,
Push Mail, IM</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 21;">
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Java</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">via Java MIDP emulator</span></div>
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</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 22;">
<td rowspan="3" style="background: #EEEEEE; height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tipe</span></div>
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<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Standard battery, Li-Ion 1500 mAh</span></div>
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</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 23;">
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Standby</span></div>
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<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> -</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 24; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Talk Time</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> -</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari kabar yang beredar di situs
Eropa disebutkan bahwa <a href="http://sakeena.net/samsung-galaxy-s3-mini/"><b><span style="color: blue;">harga samsung galaxy s3 mini</span></b></a> dibandrol
sekitar USD $530 atau sekitar Rp. 5 jutaan. Kita tunggu saja kabar berikutnya
tentang kapan galaxy s3 mini ini akan diluncurkan di Indonesia.
(http://sakeena.net/samsung-galaxy-s3-</span> ID<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
mini/) </span></div>
Fandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06702359224694378432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8050252202641971047.post-76950847353091471682012-10-14T18:32:00.000-07:002012-10-14T18:33:46.496-07:00Detail Assignment<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> MY DETAIL ASSIGNMENT</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Lecture's name</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">:</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Daniel Nugraha</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Lecture's id</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">:</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">D4748</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<tr style="height: 11.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 11.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.25pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Course code </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">:</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">T0604</span></b><br />
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 11.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.25pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">My
name </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">:</span></b></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 158.0pt;" valign="top" width="211"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Fandy Limardi</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 11.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.25pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">My
id </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">:</span></b></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 158.0pt;" valign="top" width="211"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1601210713</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Assignment </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">:</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 158.0pt;" valign="top" width="211"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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Fandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06702359224694378432noreply@blogger.com0